1:42 Wow. I didn't know this. Most QM texts don't mention this at all. Which is weird, when you think about it. The first thing to ask when a theory doesn't work is surely "why?" not "what else might work?"
Right? My first thought was the Iron Catastrophe. You know, the thing that almost wiped out life on Earth before the Cambrian era, not “this theory says we’ll have infinite energy but clearly that’s not possible” lol
@@m1k3y48 never heard of the iron catastrophe before and after spending half an hour reading about it it's something that happen 4.5 billions years ago, so way before life first appeared. And it's a pretty crutial event to make life on earth possible since it lead to the layerization of earth. Maybe you're talking about something else, or there's 2 event with that name ? Curious to learn more.
Science has a lot of those, like the Demon in Mathematics, Axis of Evil, and the Vacuum Catstrophe. Basically scientists are huge dorks that like badass spunding names.
Found your channel a week ago and have binged all of them. I'm a high school dropout and have zero knowledge of physics. I still probably have zero knowledge of physics but I have a stronger understanding of what I don't know. Thanks for doing what you do and for all the laughs. Now, to the video!
Much knowledge is only valuable to have if the holder has that humility with it; and they don't always come as a pair, so by finding it easily you're off to a good start.
I'm a dummy with just a HS diploma but I am fascinated with physics. Most of this stuff flies over my head, but I absolutely love this channel and her presentations.
I don't think she has much of a problem with Feynman as a person. From what I've gathered from her video on Feynman, the stories of his sexism were largely made up by other people who thought sexism made him look cool. He wasn't quite that bad (or good, from their perspective). That's not to say Feynman was perfect, but there seems to have been some level of exaggeration with regard to his prejudices against women. But I don't know.
@@abstract5249 What I got from the video the sexists stories is not true but probably made up by Feynman or at least he was cool with them. So the conclusion was that outside physics he was pathetic.
@@lubricustheslippery5028 so far in terms of discovery the best physicist was the writers of the Simpsons cartoon as Homer simpson wrote the "God particle" long before that scam / theory was pumped.
Everyone is commenting "quantum quantum quantum" Google is translating it as "How much? How much? How much?" And I'm just here like "Do we need it do we need it do we need it do we need it?"
*Shows complex equation*- "So this worked well enough for longer wavelengths, but as you can see in this equation, for shorter wavelengths, this is gonna go to infinity" *Me sitting on my couch eating Doritos*- haha yeah I was just thinking the same thing 🥹
When Angela gets excited the camera autofocus pulls back. When she relaxes, it pushes in. The frequency of this phenomenon could probably be quantified. But don't do that. It might collapse her wave function and the cat she keeps in the next room would either die, or not die. We can't be sure.
@@Zerotan I think @minerscale is referencing an older video of Angela, in which she talks about 5 common physics jokes and Schrödinger's cat was the fifth.
Angela is wonderful! My feeling is that humility, conscientiousness, and humor stem from intellect and self-awareness which Angela has such an abundance of. What a special person. She very sincerely wants to make quantum fun.
If you want to try and capture the gas ampules again, turn the light off in the room. The reason the camera can't see it (probably an explanation for another video on the same subject) is that the CMOS sensor from something like a webcam or a smartphone actually has extremely poor light sensitivity, and may have a sapphire lens which filters upper emissions (this is also why older CCD cameras can see infrared and need a mechanical filter to be removed to do night vision, otherwise IR emissions would appear as white burns in the video.) More expensive DSLR's can have the shutter/exposure settings adjusted (the overall image will be darker.) Regardless, this is an experiment that is best seen in person, as people's computer monitors, HDR or not, will not be representative of it.
Quite wrong. Turning the light off would make the things worse. She needs to reduce the aperture/exposure on her camera in order for the camera to see the color. As it is, it's simply overexposed and everything looks white-ish. This has nothing to do with CCD/CMOS.
@@TimRobertsen I was thinking it was the infrared as well. Most modern cell phone cameras have poor IR filtering, which the camera interprets as blue. I use this effect to detect IR LEDs on/off state when working on electronics. I'd guess that all of these gasses have a strong IR emission. I think that is what OP is saying as well in the second half of their comment, but if IR filtering is the problem, turning off the ambient lights won't do anything.
I absolutely adored the gas tubes and it made me remember my grandpa, who got his physics degree in 1942 (amid WW2, typing part of his thesis in a bomb shelter in Berlin) for his work on ionised gases, which gave him (after the war) a life long employment in the research department of a lamp making company.
i'm a girl studying physics in 3rd(final) year of bachelor's dregree and i really wanna do astrophysics for my master's. i just wanted to say i love you a lot and your account inspires me sooo much. simply seeing you talk so freely and so passionately about all of these geeky and sciency subjects made my imposter syndrome drop by at least 80% !!
@@alanaspurling6469 The important difference is that the luminiferous aether is a stationary or moving substrate we move through whereas spacetime isn't biased for any particular reference frame.
TBF though, Einstein actually mused about how it could work, and today 95% of the universe is "dark" and we have the vacuum catastrophe, the hubble tension, the basic fact U(1) gauge theories don't miggle with general relativity, etc... Luminal aether, no. Tachyonic 'aether'? (No seriously check out Ashoke Sen's 'Rolling Tachyon' and 'Tachyon condensation', it doesn't mean FTL but an unstable imaginary mass that the universe then being the lazy thing it is tries to resolve, hence - stuff happens. No less insane than believing Everett's lunacy at least (Schrodinger's cat was introduced as I quote in his own words a "burleske Fälle", farcical trap... We must be aware of demkraumverlust with our models and aee their issues. For example QFT is great but doesn't at all explain why a combustion engine has to be so damn complex, and also definitely not time symmetric (I think a lot of theorist refuse to fully consider the Wu experiment and other parity violations.
I'm an Indian undergrad student and me and my friends love your videos, every time you post one of us mentions it in the group chat and we always have a nice conversation about it. Being in India kinda makes me feel like I'm academically/career crippled forever but your channel makes me forget that for a bit and it's nice also. i wish i could've watched this before my Intro to Quantum course
But she was motivated enough to video the Intro to Quantum Physics lecture before her hair had completely dried. That's dedication. Unless, of course she did that purposely to stop the Tesla coil from messing up her hair?
So I had a lab in my physics class last semester looking at and calculating the hydrogen emission lines, and the exact shade of blue is like, absolutely delightful, and now I need to remember the exact wavelength of that blue so that when people ask me what my favorite color is, I can be a gigantic nerd and tell them "434 nm" instead of just saying a color like a normal person would. This is only slightly related to quantum quantum quantum, but the tesla coil demonstration reminded me of it.
I think most guys are more likely to be able to picture light with 434 nm wavelength than cyan or chartreuse or whatever the accurate name for that shade of blue is.
If you had to, I guess you could say violet blue? Although I think anyone who has mental images of the visible light spectrum would be able to visualize it.
I remember doing this exercise as a student, at University, decades ago. We would do it the "classical way", see the infinite appear, and then the tutor would tell us: Let's do this, but this way. And then, he would explain to us how Planck found the quantum part, but was unable/unwilling to commit all the way into interpreting this as real physics, instead of just a mathematical quirck, leaving Einstein to do it instead. I loved these "history" lessons more than the physics (which explains why I was [relatively] so bad at physics, and yet, my preferred videos on RUclips are the physics one). P.S.: The Ultra-Violet Catastrophe" is a name worthy of a movie
I really didn't expect that you'd have Feynman playing bongos on your top shelf. Thank you. I think all of your stuff is wonderful, and I really enjoy it.
@@rodrichards6148you must not have watched it because she sez she read every book she could find on him so no doubt some are laying around the house. 😂
Hey, a total layman watching your videos as entertainment / distraction - I loved the explanation contained in here, made so much sense. And for someone that did not made the effort to actually study physics after the high school - it did deepen my understanding of the subject, as if a missing piece of the puzzle finally fall in its place. So thanks, and hope you'll be fine, actually.
18:50 The very moment you brought out your third puppet, it hit me that you'd MOST PROBABLY have a bongo-playing one as well. (in an ideal experiment without external disturbances)... And wow... 😂
Collier is not a great storyteller. She doesn't follow all the rules that a professional editor would impose. That's why I love ❤️ her content! She will start off with something and then maybe start something very different halfway through. It's all connected in her mind. You just have to be open to taking the ride. It's so fun and wonderful!
And so, by her being herself, becomes an amazing storyteller. In motorcycle racing, I think it was Nikki Hayden who pioneered an entirely new method of cornering which involved intentionally powersliding all the way through the corner. He got a lot of crap for it, but then he started winning. Now it's the standard way of racing motorcycles on asphalt. Wildly unconventional can be great!
Your camera is sensitive to infra-red and tends to present it as blue. There is usually an infra-red blocking filter to make regular colours look fairly normal but doesn't necessarily get it right when you start messing about with spectral lines, especially if there is a strong IR line and relatively weak ones in visible light.
Looking forward to your time video. My senior thesis in philisophy 20+ years ago was updating the dominant theories in the philisophy of time to be compatible with QM and relativity. A fair number of philosophers had done that with relativity, but nobody had really applied QM to the question, so there was plenty of space to do it. Ultimately, I concluded that the two theories were equivalent, logically, to many worlds and collapse views in QM, respectively, with no good way to distinguish between them experimentally and no good reason based on logic to do it either. Quantization of time was something I discussed. My goal was not to say anything controversial in physics, but just describe well accepted physics and use it to modify the philosophy. When it came to quantization of time, that was challenging. (Especially as an undergrad who dropped the physics major after QM I and ended up auditing QM II just to get as much of the concepts as I could). I ended up talking more about duration rather than actual time, calling time basically a series of moments and the duration of a moment has an uncertainty relationship to energy.
Fun vid :] As someone who has been out of the physics and maths fields for over 10 years, finding your channel recently and wiggling the rust off my memories of all these topics has been delightful
Smart people with funny, comfy clothes, neat demonstrations, and efficient editing explaining things that they love is the most wholesome thing in the world. Is what I thought until you brought out the dolls and it got better. Then you peaked at "this is rough" IS WHAT I THOUGHT until GD Feynman found us Thank you for this top tier work, your whole channel existing is one of the most uplifting things in the world
There is an absolutely beautiful video by Dr. Jorge S Diaz on Plank's journey towards the formulation of equation and then the derivation he found using statistical mechanics even though he really really didn't want to.
You and Dr Fatima are my history and philosophy of science queeeens! I love you so muchhhh 😭😭😭 Thank you for making science even cooler (and better, hopefully)
just emailed angela about this. it was 26 ranta apparently. ranta are very definitely subject to relativity so observers will give responses to the same rantum event as 'went on forever' and 'not that long' and 'not long enough'
Great to be back to physics. I'd love to hear your speculations (however well founded or unfounded) on the quantization of space, time and spacetime. Just for fun.
I wrote a thing but need to cover quantisation of momentum in the middle, which I haven't properly grasped yet; if someone can do that pls reply to me so I can tag-team back in
You are my favorite science communicator. Thank you for helping me understand and appreciate things in a new way. [And i love everything about how this video ended]
9:06 “Oh wow, the color looks super different on camera, that’s interesting.” The cool part is the reflection off your hand is also more purple, as you described seeing. Interesting. I would presume the color is different because the camera can see more wavelengths than the eye can. But I would think that would make it look more purple, not more blue. Something interesting is happening there!
My theory is that it was just too bright for the camera sensor looking directly at it and basically was blowing out the colors, but the reflected light is obviously much less intense so it can pick that up... I wonder if it would work better with a lower ISO set on the camera.
Frequency is physics (violet light refers to high-frequency visible light) Color is a sensation. Purple color sensation arises from the admixture of the simultaneous stimulation of two types of human photoreceptors in the visible spectrum.
Correct, the camera's CCD is picking up the infrared emissions. Many devices do not filter them out, you can check this (and the state of a remote control's batteries) by pointing at a digital camera and pushing buttons on the remote. More often than note the LED will show up as blue-white.
I recently came across this channel and it's quickly becoming one of my favorites. I'm an engineer working in a physics research environment and I've decided to learn or brush-up-on as much physics as possible in the next few years as well get back to reading in general, i.e. get my brain moving outside of my work, so this is great. It's nice to see a creator teach stuff but also include interesting side topics, their opinions and other shenanigans. It all seems more human and genuine... if that makes sense. The only thing that now bugs me each time a new video pops up is that I kind of want it to be a brain dump about concrete.
About the naming of second quantization: So there are (at least) two ways to arrive at the Fock space, right? You can take classical field theory and quantize that, or you can take a single-particle Hilbert space and take its symmetric (or antisymmetric, for fermions) tensor algebra. It's pretty cool that those two things are the same (for free theories, then you perturb off of that in general). Anyway, I want to say that 'second quantization' is not a misnomer bc in the second approach, you literally take as your state space complex linear combinations of 1st quantization states with varying particle number, just as in first quantization one takes linear combinations of classical states!
This is the earliest I've caught any video upload!!! I was expecting Angela to talk about Quantum Computing. But that ended as soon as she said this video was harking back to how the channel started. Time to learn. Also, I think a lot of people who claim that science hasn't done anything in the last however long decade is trying to say that there hasn't been something that fundamentally altered our understanding of the reality the way Quantum Mechanics and Relativity did. Obviously, that's an incorrect expectation but I think that's what people mean.
I already knew most of this from a Sean Carroll's book "Something Deeply Hidden" but this is the perfect content for watching while playing Balatro on my bed. 9:15 interesting that on reflection from your hands you can see the "real" colour of the light. Some weirdness about how camera sensors are capturing the light
I'm assuming most consumer camera sensors, especially phone cameras, are designed to deal mostly with blackbody-style light. Light with very few very intense wavelengths messes with the sensing and processing.
@@KillahMate It's mostly that they're so bright they saturate the sensor. At a faster speed they'd probably be more visible. Reflected off Angela's hand, most of the light gets scattered, and what hits the camera is significantly dimmer. (The light from the ampules *is* blackbody light btw - blackbody radiation at room/body temperature is infrared.)
Angela I just want to let you know because my first year physics 2 professor would always drill this into me when doing Kirchhoff current laws, but his name is pronounced like “Keer-cough” anyways awesome video as per usual, I’ll be waiting for the next down the stack
Great video! Thanks for making the content sufficiently accessible for non-physicists but still informative and not oversimplified. And you explain physics using the sugar plum fairy variation music in the editing, that's cool 😄
I pretty much immediately thought Rosalind Franklin should be holding nitrogen because of nitrogenous bases, so you're probably on the right track there.
Dude ur awesome idk if u read comments or not but i love ur attitude and snarkiness and breakdown of physics so much. I am an Angela Collier fanatic now
Describing second quantisation as double quantisation instantly made it click for me. Very helpful
3 месяца назад+4
9:25 This has changed from a physics demo to a physics experiment, cause we have a variable (the gasses) and we're testing how the camera's sensor is changing the color compared to your Mk.1 eyeball.
If I understand what's happening¹: CCDs in consumer camera sensors are tuned to be more sensitive to blue, and the ampules are glowing so brightly that it's saturating the sensor. If she turned the brightness/sensitivity way way down she might be able to get better differentiation. ¹Read: this is a hypothesis, and I'm *begging* someone who knows what they're talking about to tell me how I'm wrong
quantum quantum algorithm quantum! P.S. if you stare at Angela's bookshelf, sometimes the camera will focus in on it and it looks like all the books are suddenly "outlined". It's kinda neat
@@leonardomarquesbelliniCMOS sensors on most digital cameras will filter out a lot of that. But also let you see things like parts of the infrared spectrum (good way to test if the batteries in your remote are dead - point the IR emitter at your camera and see if it lights up purple when you press a button).
Really great video! You might have to set a low manual exposure time or aperture on your camera to get the color differences to show up a little better.
Around Thanksgiving I was watching the 1943 Madame Curie movie starring Greer Garson and Walter Pidgeon on TCM. I had never realized how much arduous physical work she had to do to isolate the polonium and radium from the pitchblende.
Hmm ... that's better in a way than the Oppenheimer movie, which never tried to show the actual uranium mining in east Tennessee required for the Manhattan Project.
While the standard story of the ultraviolet catastrophe is very popular, it is not actually correct. Since it is much easier to perform blackbody experiments in the visible and ultravoilet than in the infrared, Wien's distibution law was actually the first law that was arrived at (~1896). The miracle breakthough that made it possible to perform long wavelength experiments was the discovery, by Heinrich Rubens (~1898), of residual rays that were procuded by certain compounds, related to thier absorption bands. The preliminary experiments were inconclusive, but already indicated a possible deviation from Wein's law. At the same time scientists were trying to come up reasons, from a theoretical standpoint, to determine whether or not Wien's law was ultimately correct. It was around this time that Lord Rayleigh wrote a note to the Royal Society(~1900) where he outlined why Wien's law is probably wrong: he realized that the graph of the intensity to frequency, given by Wien's law, contained a horizontal asymptote. This implied that, for any given frequency, if we increase the energy of the blackbody radiator, there would eventually be a point where it would essentially stop emitting radiation of that frequency. To Rayleigh, this made no sense. It would make more sense instead if the intensity increased with frequency, as implied by the 'Maxwell Boltzmann doctrine of equipartion' [E=kT]. The resulting law would obviously not be consistent with experiments in general, but at least we can impose it on the longer wavelength radiation, which were stillnot adequetely tested experimentally. Around the same time, Planck was also trying to derive Wien's law. He initially arrived at a formula based on the entropy of a system of resonators. He found that Wien's law could be derived under the assumption that the second derivative of entropy took to form 1/U, where U is the average energy of the resonators, and came up with reasons why this should be the case. More accurate experiments however would confirm that Wien's law was definitely not correct, and that the long wavelength form was consistent with Rayleigh's law. Planck realized this could also be derived from an equally simple assumption, that the second derivative of entropy took the form 1/U^2. Planck's idea was to combine these two assumptions to get 1/U + 1/U^2. And his law essentially derives from this. But Planck later realized that this simply resulted in the entropy being of the form S = k*log W + C. Planck was already aware of a derivation of this same entropy formula by Boltzmann in his Gas Theory Lectures. Boltzmann showed that the behavior of gases was analogous to drawing a set of numbers from a lottery. Let us assign to each molecule of gas a random number e, representing its energy. The conservation of energy implies that the molecules will only choose energies such that their total adds up to a a constant E, representing the energy of the system. The entropy is then found by counting the number of possible ways you can choose the energies e under this constraint. Boltzmann shows that S = k*log W, where W is the number of ways this can be done, produces the correct entropy for gases if we assume a very large number of possibilities, and use Stirling's approximation to compute the large factorials involved. To actually carry out this calculation, we must assume a discrete set of numbers, as the calculation would simply make no sense if we assumed a lottery with an infinite set of possible numbers. For Boltzmann, this says nothing physical about the system, as it is just an analogy anyways. But in order for Planck to make this calculation work with his theory of resonators, he needs it to be compatible with Wien's displacement law, which for Planck can be expressed as a ststement that entropy must be a function of f/E [frequency over total energy], whereas Boltzann's law essentially gives the entropy as a function of e/E [size energy elements over total energy]. To make these two comptable Planck thus sets e = hf.
0:35 Beware of pseudo-history of science. The Rayleigh approximation was published in 1900, the same year that Max Planck published his (correct) equation (without knowing Rayleigh's result). Jeans corrected Rayleigh's approximation in 1905 (!) In 1911, Ehrenfest coined the term ultraviolet 'catastrophe'. I'd say that a first approximation would be Wien's displacement law (1893).
Angela, since the first video of yours that I saw, you quickly became one of my favorite science youtubers. Lately I've noticed that the autofocus on your camera is hunting. There are ways to fix that, and my poor old eyes would be very grateful if you did.
"Is it Rayleigh?" *NODS AT SCREEN* It's gonna be a long day, I think. Lord Rayleigh is one of my heroes - the Godfather of time reversal ... and Boltzmann. Rayleigh wasn't Boltzmann's Godfather. Okay, that's it, I'm going back to bed.
I accidentally switched the video speed to 0.25x right as the merch break began without realizing it. I 100% thought it was just an intentional goof you did. It was only when the dance of the sugar plum fairies began that I realized something was wrong.
I only have a surface level understanding of chemistry, but I liked that point when you described that classical mechanics is still good enough to do a whole lot of things, e.g. thermodynamics. In chemistry, you have a number of different models of atoms and depending on what area of chemistry you are looking at, you may need some more advanced model to look at a molecule, but in other areas, a simpler model or just a formula is sufficient for what you need it.
Merch is here: store.dftba.com/products/quantum-quantum-quantum-pullover It is very comfy.
Could you do a video on economics?
18:40 Breaking into the roleplaying action figures on RUclips space from a different angle. Clever, I like it!
1:42 Wow. I didn't know this. Most QM texts don't mention this at all. Which is weird, when you think about it. The first thing to ask when a theory doesn't work is surely "why?" not "what else might work?"
Merch with "Quantum Quantum Quantum" -- finally!!
The Prize Pantry for my next Quantum Computing course just got much better.
α = It's Fine.
The ultraviolet catastrophe is such a dramatic name for a theory not matching observations and I love that.
Right? My first thought was the Iron Catastrophe. You know, the thing that almost wiped out life on Earth before the Cambrian era, not “this theory says we’ll have infinite energy but clearly that’s not possible” lol
It's also a great band name. Or the name of a clumsy superhero.
@@m1k3y48 never heard of the iron catastrophe before and after spending half an hour reading about it it's something that happen 4.5 billions years ago, so way before life first appeared. And it's a pretty crutial event to make life on earth possible since it lead to the layerization of earth.
Maybe you're talking about something else, or there's 2 event with that name ? Curious to learn more.
"Crisis in Cosmology" has similar vibes.
Science has a lot of those, like the Demon in Mathematics, Axis of Evil, and the Vacuum Catstrophe. Basically scientists are huge dorks that like badass spunding names.
Found your channel a week ago and have binged all of them. I'm a high school dropout and have zero knowledge of physics. I still probably have zero knowledge of physics but I have a stronger understanding of what I don't know. Thanks for doing what you do and for all the laughs. Now, to the video!
Much knowledge is only valuable to have if the holder has that humility with it; and they don't always come as a pair, so by finding it easily you're off to a good start.
With that knowledge you can now start filling in the gaps! I recommend Professor Dave Explains' "Classical Physics" playlist.
I'm a dummy with just a HS diploma but I am fascinated with physics.
Most of this stuff flies over my head, but I absolutely love this channel and her presentations.
I envy you - to have just found Dr. Collier's channel. So many great videos await. Keep learning.
Watch the how to teach yourself physics video
Quantum is down the stack.
Can we quantum? should we quantum?
I raced here to make this comment lmao, take my upvote 💀
Rayleigh Jeans Company CEO Eric Yuen, whose company look like this...
pop the stack
Do we need it? Do we need it?
I don't know what is more surprising, that Angela has a Feynman action figure or that it isn't riddled with dart holes.
I don't think she has much of a problem with Feynman as a person. From what I've gathered from her video on Feynman, the stories of his sexism were largely made up by other people who thought sexism made him look cool. He wasn't quite that bad (or good, from their perspective).
That's not to say Feynman was perfect, but there seems to have been some level of exaggeration with regard to his prejudices against women. But I don't know.
@@abstract5249 What I got from the video the sexists stories is not true but probably made up by Feynman or at least he was cool with them. So the conclusion was that outside physics he was pathetic.
@@abstract5249 bots somebody told her to hate Feyman because he produced 'real' results even with the limited info he had...
@@lubricustheslippery5028 so far in terms of discovery the best physicist was the writers of the Simpsons cartoon as Homer simpson wrote the "God particle" long before that scam / theory was pumped.
@@matthew2531 you okay man?
Everyone is commenting "quantum quantum quantum"
Google is translating it as "How much? How much? How much?"
And I'm just here like "Do we need it do we need it do we need it do we need it?"
Also in case anyone is wondering, she says "Fock Space", and not what I initially googled
that song has been stuck in my head ever since the video came out
Yes we do yes we do yes we do
Quantum mechanics theory? Yes.
Quantum computing? Most likely no.
This comment better start, by giving Fritz Zwicky priority (he can kinda prickly)
*Shows complex equation*- "So this worked well enough for longer wavelengths, but as you can see in this equation, for shorter wavelengths, this is gonna go to infinity"
*Me sitting on my couch eating Doritos*- haha yeah I was just thinking the same thing 🥹
It's cuz of the wavelength in the denominator, btw
@@APaleDot The fourth power of the wavelength (in the denominator).
@@DavidSmith-vr1nb Even if it was a single power it'd still go to infinite for lower wavelengths, the fourth power just makes it even more drastic
I wish i had doritos
@@annaairahala9462 More catastrophic.
"What about quantization?"
"We've already had it."
"We've had one, yes. What about second quantization?"
Hobbit physics
I don't think he knows about second quantization, Pip
Someone commented below about the bongos playing at the end and now all I can think is "Drums. Drums in the deep..."
That still only counts as one!
Qualitization?!
When Angela gets excited the camera autofocus pulls back. When she relaxes, it pushes in. The frequency of this phenomenon could probably be quantified. But don't do that. It might collapse her wave function and the cat she keeps in the next room would either die, or not die. We can't be sure.
Ah yes, physics joke #5
@@minerscale There are 4 more physics jokes?
I was in a quantum state of about to be vomiting. It was not observed so it must not have been.
@@Zerotan Yes, and some are even funny
@@Zerotan I think @minerscale is referencing an older video of Angela, in which she talks about 5 common physics jokes and Schrödinger's cat was the fifth.
That was possibly the most gentle merch promotion I've ever seen. "Y'know follow your heart, you don't have to, it's fine"
Angela is wonderful! My feeling is that humility, conscientiousness, and humor stem from intellect and self-awareness which Angela has such an abundance of. What a special person. She very sincerely wants to make quantum fun.
It's the Eeyore method of merch promotion.
You all are some of the most mellow and reflective bots I've ever seen somebody plug into a click farm.
@matthew2531 beep boop
@@YayComity
Quantum IS fun! (as long as you don't have exams about it)
If you want to try and capture the gas ampules again, turn the light off in the room. The reason the camera can't see it (probably an explanation for another video on the same subject) is that the CMOS sensor from something like a webcam or a smartphone actually has extremely poor light sensitivity, and may have a sapphire lens which filters upper emissions (this is also why older CCD cameras can see infrared and need a mechanical filter to be removed to do night vision, otherwise IR emissions would appear as white burns in the video.) More expensive DSLR's can have the shutter/exposure settings adjusted (the overall image will be darker.)
Regardless, this is an experiment that is best seen in person, as people's computer monitors, HDR or not, will not be representative of it.
Quite wrong. Turning the light off would make the things worse. She needs to reduce the aperture/exposure on her camera in order for the camera to see the color. As it is, it's simply overexposed and everything looks white-ish. This has nothing to do with CCD/CMOS.
I would have guessed that it was the infrared washing out the color
@@TimRobertsen I was thinking it was the infrared as well. Most modern cell phone cameras have poor IR filtering, which the camera interprets as blue. I use this effect to detect IR LEDs on/off state when working on electronics. I'd guess that all of these gasses have a strong IR emission. I think that is what OP is saying as well in the second half of their comment, but if IR filtering is the problem, turning off the ambient lights won't do anything.
Whether any of these fixes work or not, what Angela found is that sometimes cameras do lie. An important truth for many of us to remember!
i liked the part where angela said "quantum quantum quantum" and quantumed over all space
I liked the part where Morbius recommended a book written by Richard Feynman and Angela had some bad news for him…
"I'm going to quantum!"
"the quantum is right behind me isn't it?"
When she said “ it’s quantization time” I felt that
I liked when she said. Uh. 13:57
I absolutely adored the gas tubes and it made me remember my grandpa, who got his physics degree in 1942 (amid WW2, typing part of his thesis in a bomb shelter in Berlin) for his work on ionised gases, which gave him (after the war) a life long employment in the research department of a lamp making company.
"this increases the difficulty of the math by a lot" is my favorite sentence this week
i'm a girl studying physics in 3rd(final) year of bachelor's dregree and i really wanna do astrophysics for my master's. i just wanted to say i love you a lot and your account inspires me sooo much.
simply seeing you talk so freely and so passionately about all of these geeky and sciency subjects made my imposter syndrome drop by at least 80% !!
same, im a girl in physics with plans for astrophysics. but woah, you guys have only 3 years in bachelors? where is that?
If only this video had accounted for the aether
You say Luminiferous Aether and I say Fabric of Space-Time… you know poe-tate-toe poe-tot-toe…
@@alanaspurling6469
The important difference is that the luminiferous aether is a stationary or moving substrate we move through whereas spacetime isn't biased for any particular reference frame.
they never account for the aether 😔
TBF though, Einstein actually mused about how it could work, and today 95% of the universe is "dark" and we have the vacuum catastrophe, the hubble tension, the basic fact U(1) gauge theories don't miggle with general relativity, etc...
Luminal aether, no. Tachyonic 'aether'? (No seriously check out Ashoke Sen's 'Rolling Tachyon' and 'Tachyon condensation', it doesn't mean FTL but an unstable imaginary mass that the universe then being the lazy thing it is tries to resolve, hence - stuff happens.
No less insane than believing Everett's lunacy at least (Schrodinger's cat was introduced as I quote in his own words a "burleske Fälle", farcical trap...
We must be aware of demkraumverlust with our models and aee their issues. For example QFT is great but doesn't at all explain why a combustion engine has to be so damn complex, and also definitely not time symmetric (I think a lot of theorist refuse to fully consider the Wu experiment and other parity violations.
I'm an Indian undergrad student and me and my friends love your videos, every time you post one of us mentions it in the group chat and we always have a nice conversation about it. Being in India kinda makes me feel like I'm academically/career crippled forever but your channel makes me forget that for a bit and it's nice
also. i wish i could've watched this before my Intro to Quantum course
Only 20 minutes? I see you are dabbling with RUclips shorts content.
If she can cover everything wrong with Star Trek Picard in 4 hours, she can do quantum physics in 20 minutes.
I had an urge to kms after reading this
@@RockBrentwood LLMs are handy tools. I hope you don't trust them completely.
But she was motivated enough to video the Intro to Quantum Physics lecture before her hair had completely dried. That's dedication. Unless, of course she did that purposely to stop the Tesla coil from messing up her hair?
@@joelwalsh that just shows you how much is wrong with it!
Watching your mental breakdown in real time is such a mood. Like yeah girl, me too, me too.
Second quantization is the refried beans of the physics world
I like second quantization. That's why I want to try first quantization. 'Cause maybe it's just as good and we're wasting time
so... the best kind??
Lol 😆 🤣 😂
It's... delicious?
i..... wait no you have a point here
I really love this channel.
Fancy seeing you here! Your channel is great too.
It is superb
same and also i like your channel.
Thanks for an entertaining and informative video. Let the creativity flow!
So I had a lab in my physics class last semester looking at and calculating the hydrogen emission lines, and the exact shade of blue is like, absolutely delightful, and now I need to remember the exact wavelength of that blue so that when people ask me what my favorite color is, I can be a gigantic nerd and tell them "434 nm" instead of just saying a color like a normal person would. This is only slightly related to quantum quantum quantum, but the tesla coil demonstration reminded me of it.
I think most guys are more likely to be able to picture light with 434 nm wavelength than cyan or chartreuse or whatever the accurate name for that shade of blue is.
@@JMacSDseeing as how chartreuse is quite far from blue, I'd agree 😁
If you had to, I guess you could say violet blue? Although I think anyone who has mental images of the visible light spectrum would be able to visualize it.
Like a normal person! You're so unique
Favorite colors are for little kids. Go play with your crayons
I remember doing this exercise as a student, at University, decades ago.
We would do it the "classical way", see the infinite appear, and then the tutor would tell us: Let's do this, but this way.
And then, he would explain to us how Planck found the quantum part, but was unable/unwilling to commit all the way into interpreting this as real physics, instead of just a mathematical quirck, leaving Einstein to do it instead.
I loved these "history" lessons more than the physics (which explains why I was [relatively] so bad at physics, and yet, my preferred videos on RUclips are the physics one).
P.S.: The Ultra-Violet Catastrophe" is a name worthy of a movie
4:17 Max Planck "takes a leap"... there's a quantum joke in there but I might get into trouble. Fun presentation and ending. Thanks!
I prefer the nautical interpretation.
Got to feel bad for Planck's wife as a plank unit is the shortest possible thing in the universe
the hair, that's the closest we've ever been to a video beginning with "I was just thinking about something in the shower, let me explain..." ^^
I mean, she does look like she just came out of the shower. (literally does not matter btw)
exactly! 😂🎉
My takeaway from this is that Angela showing off her cool gas collection is quantum mechanics.
My take away is I want a cool gas collection and Tesla coil to shine them with
I really didn't expect that you'd have Feynman playing bongos on your top shelf. Thank you. I think all of your stuff is wonderful, and I really enjoy it.
What? She spent an hour video complaining about "Feynman bro's" and now shows all the world she is one herself? Okayyy...
@@rodrichards6148she bought all of those books specifically for her Feynman video, remember? She didn't have them until that
@@rodrichards6148I think she's making a joke
@@rodrichards6148 I don't think you understand the humor of this channel
@@rodrichards6148you must not have watched it because she sez she read every book she could find on him so no doubt some are laying around the house. 😂
Hey, a total layman watching your videos as entertainment / distraction - I loved the explanation contained in here, made so much sense.
And for someone that did not made the effort to actually study physics after the high school - it did deepen my understanding of the subject, as if a missing piece of the puzzle finally fall in its place.
So thanks, and hope you'll be fine, actually.
18:50 The very moment you brought out your third puppet, it hit me that you'd MOST PROBABLY have a bongo-playing one as well. (in an ideal experiment without external disturbances)...
And wow... 😂
17:35 “I’m holding Mercury. That’s appropriate, I’m Marie Curie.”
"I'm Polish not French!"
@@TeflonTroutThis is how I learned that...
Collier is not a great storyteller. She doesn't follow all the rules that a professional editor would impose. That's why I love ❤️ her content! She will start off with something and then maybe start something very different halfway through. It's all connected in her mind. You just have to be open to taking the ride. It's so fun and wonderful!
And so, by her being herself, becomes an amazing storyteller.
In motorcycle racing, I think it was Nikki Hayden who pioneered an entirely new method of cornering which involved intentionally powersliding all the way through the corner. He got a lot of crap for it, but then he started winning.
Now it's the standard way of racing motorcycles on asphalt. Wildly unconventional can be great!
I like it, it makes the videos seem more genuine and personal.
Your camera is sensitive to infra-red and tends to present it as blue. There is usually an infra-red blocking filter to make regular colours look fairly normal but doesn't necessarily get it right when you start messing about with spectral lines, especially if there is a strong IR line and relatively weak ones in visible light.
Hopes to your continued success in the new year! Thank you for making great videos!
Looking forward to your time video. My senior thesis in philisophy 20+ years ago was updating the dominant theories in the philisophy of time to be compatible with QM and relativity. A fair number of philosophers had done that with relativity, but nobody had really applied QM to the question, so there was plenty of space to do it. Ultimately, I concluded that the two theories were equivalent, logically, to many worlds and collapse views in QM, respectively, with no good way to distinguish between them experimentally and no good reason based on logic to do it either.
Quantization of time was something I discussed. My goal was not to say anything controversial in physics, but just describe well accepted physics and use it to modify the philosophy. When it came to quantization of time, that was challenging. (Especially as an undergrad who dropped the physics major after QM I and ended up auditing QM II just to get as much of the concepts as I could). I ended up talking more about duration rather than actual time, calling time basically a series of moments and the duration of a moment has an uncertainty relationship to energy.
Polish Marie Sklodowska-Curie! Let's go!
i think an oversized hoodie of your own merch saying quantum quantum quantum is you FINDING the plot, not losing it.
Fun vid :]
As someone who has been out of the physics and maths fields for over 10 years, finding your channel recently and wiggling the rust off my memories of all these topics has been delightful
We need "It's Down The Stack" merch!
Yes please. Do not let 'em get away with that one with just one online video calling them out. It needs to be immortalized in physical form :D
Would it be too much to tie it to her "booktube" channel by illustrating it as her TBR?
Smart people with funny, comfy clothes, neat demonstrations, and efficient editing explaining things that they love is the most wholesome thing in the world.
Is what I thought until you brought out the dolls and it got better. Then you peaked at "this is rough"
IS WHAT I THOUGHT until GD Feynman found us
Thank you for this top tier work, your whole channel existing is one of the most uplifting things in the world
There is an absolutely beautiful video by Dr. Jorge S Diaz on Plank's journey towards the formulation of equation and then the derivation he found using statistical mechanics even though he really really didn't want to.
Too right!
I was already laughing so hard at the “I’ve officially lost the plot” segment, only to get hit by the bongos. Love you Angela. 😂😂
The fact the camera isn't sure if it's suppose to focus on Angela or the bookshelf is needlessly hilarious to me.
I also love how Planck hated his solution, thought that it must've been wrong, but still just published it
"I am not doing okay" most relatable thing you've ever said 🤣
You and Dr Fatima are my history and philosophy of science queeeens! I love you so muchhhh 😭😭😭
Thank you for making science even cooler (and better, hopefully)
I'm almost teaching myself physics so I understand this channel better.
That Tesla coil demonstration was so enchanting! I'll never get tired of the wonders of science.
that outro, you're killing me 😭😂
Feynman's drumming takes the cake.😂😂😂
The playtime finale made this one of your best videos ever! I love that you had the courage to include it.
I want to know how long the 5:12 rant went on for
just emailed angela about this. it was 26 ranta apparently. ranta are very definitely subject to relativity so observers will give responses to the same rantum event as 'went on forever' and 'not that long' and 'not long enough'
Are you sure we didn't all just time travel?
That figurine ending was so fun, I loved it
Great to be back to physics. I'd love to hear your speculations (however well founded or unfounded) on the quantization of space, time and spacetime. Just for fun.
I wrote a thing but need to cover quantisation of momentum in the middle, which I haven't properly grasped yet; if someone can do that pls reply to me so I can tag-team back in
You are my favorite science communicator. Thank you for helping me understand and appreciate things in a new way. [And i love everything about how this video ended]
9:06 “Oh wow, the color looks super different on camera, that’s interesting.” The cool part is the reflection off your hand is also more purple, as you described seeing. Interesting. I would presume the color is different because the camera can see more wavelengths than the eye can. But I would think that would make it look more purple, not more blue. Something interesting is happening there!
My theory is that it was just too bright for the camera sensor looking directly at it and basically was blowing out the colors, but the reflected light is obviously much less intense so it can pick that up... I wonder if it would work better with a lower ISO set on the camera.
@ interesting theory.
@@frankguy6843 or a shorter shutter speed or smaller aperture. But that's the. thought I came to, too.
Frequency is physics (violet light refers to high-frequency visible light) Color is a sensation. Purple color sensation arises from the admixture of the simultaneous stimulation of two types of human photoreceptors in the visible spectrum.
Correct, the camera's CCD is picking up the infrared emissions. Many devices do not filter them out, you can check this (and the state of a remote control's batteries) by pointing at a digital camera and pushing buttons on the remote. More often than note the LED will show up as blue-white.
I recently came across this channel and it's quickly becoming one of my favorites. I'm an engineer working in a physics research environment and I've decided to learn or brush-up-on as much physics as possible in the next few years as well get back to reading in general, i.e. get my brain moving outside of my work, so this is great. It's nice to see a creator teach stuff but also include interesting side topics, their opinions and other shenanigans. It all seems more human and genuine... if that makes sense.
The only thing that now bugs me each time a new video pops up is that I kind of want it to be a brain dump about concrete.
I had a coworker with a quantum flatulence problem. He would let go in a meeting but nobody would know until someone smelled it.
this is the most elegant explaination as to where quantum theory comes from that i've ever heard, massive hats off
About the naming of second quantization: So there are (at least) two ways to arrive at the Fock space, right? You can take classical field theory and quantize that, or you can take a single-particle Hilbert space and take its symmetric (or antisymmetric, for fermions) tensor algebra. It's pretty cool that those two things are the same (for free theories, then you perturb off of that in general).
Anyway, I want to say that 'second quantization' is not a misnomer bc in the second approach, you literally take as your state space complex linear combinations of 1st quantization states with varying particle number, just as in first quantization one takes linear combinations of classical states!
I'm so glad I found this channel! Your sense of humor is cracking me up. I love science humor.
This is the earliest I've caught any video upload!!! I was expecting Angela to talk about Quantum Computing. But that ended as soon as she said this video was harking back to how the channel started. Time to learn.
Also, I think a lot of people who claim that science hasn't done anything in the last however long decade is trying to say that there hasn't been something that fundamentally altered our understanding of the reality the way Quantum Mechanics and Relativity did. Obviously, that's an incorrect expectation but I think that's what people mean.
The true color is reflected on the palms of your hands
Your branding is genius.
Every time I read the word "quantum" in the wild, I just end up back on your channel. Which means I basically never leave.
The whole bit at the end was very fun
In the beginning I was slow to appreciate your mode of communication. Now I deeply enjoy each video.
I already knew most of this from a Sean Carroll's book "Something Deeply Hidden" but this is the perfect content for watching while playing Balatro on my bed.
9:15 interesting that on reflection from your hands you can see the "real" colour of the light. Some weirdness about how camera sensors are capturing the light
I'm assuming most consumer camera sensors, especially phone cameras, are designed to deal mostly with blackbody-style light. Light with very few very intense wavelengths messes with the sensing and processing.
@@KillahMate It's mostly that they're so bright they saturate the sensor. At a faster speed they'd probably be more visible.
Reflected off Angela's hand, most of the light gets scattered, and what hits the camera is significantly dimmer.
(The light from the ampules *is* blackbody light btw - blackbody radiation at room/body temperature is infrared.)
Angela I just want to let you know because my first year physics 2 professor would always drill this into me when doing Kirchhoff current laws, but his name is pronounced like “Keer-cough” anyways awesome video as per usual, I’ll be waiting for the next down the stack
The bongos are now a running gag. DADADADA
Great video! Thanks for making the content sufficiently accessible for non-physicists but still informative and not oversimplified. And you explain physics using the sugar plum fairy variation music in the editing, that's cool 😄
lucky i was looking for a 20 ish minute video for the last 30 mins of the work day to listen to. convenient!
I wish ANY of my lectures were like this
We all know you're just here to make sure you still have the best hair.
I pretty much immediately thought Rosalind Franklin should be holding nitrogen because of nitrogenous bases, so you're probably on the right track there.
"Is Nitrogen... broken?" - the most innocuous asking of the most terrifying question I've ever heard
the surprise twist right at the end
This credit sequence made it official: we need a video series of Angela just playing with all her science toys.
Marie Curie holds mercury. THAT, Dr. Collier, is why you are THE BEST!!!
Dude ur awesome idk if u read comments or not but i love ur attitude and snarkiness and breakdown of physics so much. I am an Angela Collier fanatic now
Describing second quantisation as double quantisation instantly made it click for me. Very helpful
9:25 This has changed from a physics demo to a physics experiment, cause we have a variable (the gasses) and we're testing how the camera's sensor is changing the color compared to your Mk.1 eyeball.
If I understand what's happening¹: CCDs in consumer camera sensors are tuned to be more sensitive to blue, and the ampules are glowing so brightly that it's saturating the sensor. If she turned the brightness/sensitivity way way down she might be able to get better differentiation.
¹Read: this is a hypothesis, and I'm *begging* someone who knows what they're talking about to tell me how I'm wrong
I am hooked on your channel.. been binge watching for the last 2 days
quantum quantum algorithm quantum!
P.S. if you stare at Angela's bookshelf, sometimes the camera will focus in on it and it looks like all the books are suddenly "outlined".
It's kinda neat
Absolutely loved this video! Just you ranting about how cool something is and how we should love it too
10:05 what a neat little thing. where would one acquire such curious trinket ? and can we get a angela collier promocode before honey steals it ?
Look up gas ampule sets, they're pretty cheap. The tesla coil is a bit more expensive but there are kits to make one!
I'm more curious why most of them looked cyan on video when she said in person it was things like, purple, pink or yellow.
@@leonardomarquesbelliniCMOS sensors on most digital cameras will filter out a lot of that. But also let you see things like parts of the infrared spectrum (good way to test if the batteries in your remote are dead - point the IR emitter at your camera and see if it lights up purple when you press a button).
Have a happy new year Angela Collier
Really great video! You might have to set a low manual exposure time or aperture on your camera to get the color differences to show up a little better.
Or put a piece of white paper a little way back to show the reflected light from a little distance.
Around Thanksgiving I was watching the 1943 Madame Curie movie starring Greer Garson and Walter Pidgeon on TCM. I had never realized how much arduous physical work she had to do to isolate the polonium and radium from the pitchblende.
Hmm ... that's better in a way than the Oppenheimer movie, which never tried to show the actual uranium mining in east Tennessee required for the Manhattan Project.
While the standard story of the ultraviolet catastrophe is very popular, it is not actually correct.
Since it is much easier to perform blackbody experiments in the visible and ultravoilet than in the infrared, Wien's distibution law was actually the first law that was arrived at (~1896). The miracle breakthough that made it possible to perform long wavelength experiments was the discovery, by Heinrich Rubens (~1898), of residual rays that were procuded by certain compounds, related to thier absorption bands. The preliminary experiments were inconclusive, but already indicated a possible deviation from Wein's law.
At the same time scientists were trying to come up reasons, from a theoretical standpoint, to determine whether or not Wien's law was ultimately correct. It was around this time that Lord Rayleigh wrote a note to the Royal Society(~1900) where he outlined why Wien's law is probably wrong: he realized that the graph of the intensity to frequency, given by Wien's law, contained a horizontal asymptote. This implied that, for any given frequency, if we increase the energy of the blackbody radiator, there would eventually be a point where it would essentially stop emitting radiation of that frequency. To Rayleigh, this made no sense. It would make more sense instead if the intensity increased with frequency, as implied by the 'Maxwell Boltzmann doctrine of equipartion' [E=kT]. The resulting law would obviously not be consistent with experiments in general, but at least we can impose it on the longer wavelength radiation, which were stillnot adequetely tested experimentally.
Around the same time, Planck was also trying to derive Wien's law. He initially arrived at a formula based on the entropy of a system of resonators. He found that Wien's law could be derived under the assumption that the second derivative of entropy took to form 1/U, where U is the average energy of the resonators, and came up with reasons why this should be the case. More accurate experiments however would confirm that Wien's law was definitely not correct, and that the long wavelength form was consistent with Rayleigh's law. Planck realized this could also be derived from an equally simple assumption, that the second derivative of entropy took the form 1/U^2. Planck's idea was to combine these two assumptions to get 1/U + 1/U^2. And his law essentially derives from this.
But Planck later realized that this simply resulted in the entropy being of the form S = k*log W + C. Planck was already aware of a derivation of this same entropy formula by Boltzmann in his Gas Theory Lectures.
Boltzmann showed that the behavior of gases was analogous to drawing a set of numbers from a lottery. Let us assign to each molecule of gas a random number e, representing its energy. The conservation of energy implies that the molecules will only choose energies such that their total adds up to a a constant E, representing the energy of the system. The entropy is then found by counting the number of possible ways you can choose the energies e under this constraint. Boltzmann shows that S = k*log W, where W is the number of ways this can be done, produces the correct entropy for gases if we assume a very large number of possibilities, and use Stirling's approximation to compute the large factorials involved.
To actually carry out this calculation, we must assume a discrete set of numbers, as the calculation would simply make no sense if we assumed a lottery with an infinite set of possible numbers. For Boltzmann, this says nothing physical about the system, as it is just an analogy anyways.
But in order for Planck to make this calculation work with his theory of resonators, he needs it to be compatible with Wien's displacement law, which for Planck can be expressed as a ststement that entropy must be a function of f/E [frequency over total energy], whereas Boltzann's law essentially gives the entropy as a function of e/E [size energy elements over total energy]. To make these two comptable Planck thus sets e = hf.
Thanks for making this one not so long. I feel like up to half an hour is ideal
0:35 Beware of pseudo-history of science. The Rayleigh approximation was published in 1900, the same year that Max Planck published his (correct) equation (without knowing Rayleigh's result). Jeans corrected Rayleigh's approximation in 1905 (!) In 1911, Ehrenfest coined the term ultraviolet 'catastrophe'. I'd say that a first approximation would be Wien's displacement law (1893).
The Feynman jumpscare at the end made the entire outro a true work of art
Dr. Peregrine Took: "Yehs, but what about SEHCOND quantization?"
Angela, since the first video of yours that I saw, you quickly became one of my favorite science youtubers. Lately I've noticed that the autofocus on your camera is hunting. There are ways to fix that, and my poor old eyes would be very grateful if you did.
Wien is german for the city of Vienna, the pronunciation you settled on is correct
Wien's law is named after a person not the city, though
@@roachybill good point
@@tylerm.8684 Makes no difference, and yes I watched the video
Or I mean you _could_ say that Vienna is English for the city of Wien.
This is excellent science communication, but the Feynman bongo ending broke me and I'm dead
"Is it Rayleigh?"
*NODS AT SCREEN*
It's gonna be a long day, I think. Lord Rayleigh is one of my heroes - the Godfather of time reversal ... and Boltzmann. Rayleigh wasn't Boltzmann's Godfather. Okay, that's it, I'm going back to bed.
I accidentally switched the video speed to 0.25x right as the merch break began without realizing it. I 100% thought it was just an intentional goof you did. It was only when the dance of the sugar plum fairies began that I realized something was wrong.
can't believe I find out that Marie Curie is polish and not french on this video's silly outro
A brilliant physicist playing with dolls on the internet and then the ominous sound of bongos. Doesn't get much better than that.
The ending killed me "He's found us....🪘" 💀
1:38 It's Wrangler Jeans 👖
I only have a surface level understanding of chemistry, but I liked that point when you described that classical mechanics is still good enough to do a whole lot of things, e.g. thermodynamics. In chemistry, you have a number of different models of atoms and depending on what area of chemistry you are looking at, you may need some more advanced model to look at a molecule, but in other areas, a simpler model or just a formula is sufficient for what you need it.